Free will
Free will is the notion that human beings are able to choose between different courses of action in any given circumstance,[1] whereas its opposite, determinism, claims that all our mental states and actions are made necessary by preceding causes, and we are therefore not free at all, although we may have the illusion thereof. These diametric extremes, on the one hand we always are in complete control, and on the other that we never are in control, unnecessarily restrict our options, an example of false dichotomy.[2] Reality lies somewhere else, as it is abundantly clear that our actions can be dictated by factors outside our control and outside our awareness,[3] but it is unclear that such factors are decisive in every instance or in the long run.
All of us have subjectively experienced being torn between doing one thing or another –what we would like to do, what we think we should do, or what we think others would appreciate our doing, and so on. We might assume that the decision is up to us, that we are free to do one thing or another, and others may heap blame or praise on us assuming the same thing. This assumption is what is meant by free will –the belief that whatever we may have done in actual fact, could have been otherwise because we might have decided on another course of action, and that before taking the action we were free to choose between alternatives.
At the same time, we realize that some aspects of the world work in ways that can be understood because there are law-like processes that can be deciphered, and that allow us to predict future events based upon the past. The principle operating here is that events are caused, not random, and the notion that this kind of explanation applies to everything that happens is known as determinism. However, it is an exaggeration (at least at the moment) to think that science implies everything is predictable from the past.[4] The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics does not alter the viewpoint, inasmuch as random atomic events are not under our control any more than predetermined events. Determinism can be rewritten to include this randomness: All our decisions are either causally determined by past events, or random events that do not involve us as agents.[5]
If the world is deterministic, that is it responds to patterns of cause and effect, then human actions are either an exception to this rule, or our feeling that we are free to decide what we like is simply an illusion.
We have trouble believing all our actions are determined, and that our sense of freedom is totally illusory, but we also have problems thinking that our actions are totally outside the realm of causality. The latter position would make our actions random, and this is not a palatable idea for most of us...
This is what in philosophy is known as the problem of free will (or sometimes referred to by its flip-side as the dilemma of determinism), and it is a problem because whichever road one chooses to go down seems to lead to conclusions that we would have trouble accepting.
Incompatibilism
One way out of the dilemma, of course, is simply to accept the fact that human beings are not free, a position termed hard determinism or incompatibilism.[5] To accept this position is to accept that our actions are caused by things other than our will –that actions do not originate in volition (willing), but rather in forces that determine its disposition in one way or another. Hard determinism, however, insofar as it accepts a causal chain of events, means our present actions are determined in the past, and is considered to wholly destroy any notion of moral responsibility. Freedom is considered a necessary component of responsiblity, for why should anyone be blamed or praised for actions that could not have been otherwise?
Compatibilism
Another way out of the dilemma, has been to soften the requirements of what it means to be free. This position, also known as soft determinism, accepts the fact that actions have causes, but argues that this does not mean we are not free.[5] I am still free, it is argued, if at the time in which I acted, and did whatever I did, I could have chosen to do otherwise, in the sense that nothing would have impeded me from doing so. That is to say, while my motives may strongly determine a course of action, they neither compel me to act in this way, nor do they stop me from doing something else if I choose to do so. Of course our freedom, understood in this way, is not the rather more arbitrary freedom we subjectively experience. It is only freedom in the sense of nothing would have stopped me if..., but one wonders just how meaningful the if has become at this stage. To quote Sam Harris: "A puppet is free as long as he loves his strings".[3]
Libertarianism
If compatibilism's if I had chosen to do otherwise is considered meaningless once one accepts the determination of actions, then others have argued that the only way out of the dilemma is to accept that determinism is false, or that at the very least, human actions are a special case and stand outside the requirements of a deterministic universe.[5] Saint Augustine held this view, the capacity for metaphysical freedom.[6] At any given time, in this view, one is indeed free to choose between alternative courses of action. Some have argued that this is not a unique phenomenon, insofar as quantum reality has already shown that determinism does not hold across the board. Of course this is precisely the door that opens onto the randomness of human behavior, which is also foreign to human experience. And if human behavior is random, then how could we make any sense of the notion of moral responsibility. Would any of us be willing, paraphrasing Einstein, to accept that God plays dice with human actions?
References
- ↑ Historically, "free will" has had a number of definitions, some tied to religious notions of being able to choose between "right" and "wrong". The definition here is that described as the usual view by evangelical thinker Gordon H. Clark (1961). Religion, reason, and revelation. Presbyterian and Reformed Pub. Co, p. 203. “Free will has been defined as the ability under given circumstances, to choose either of two courses of action. Whatever motives or inclinations a man might have, or whatever inducements may be laid before him, that might seem to turn him in a given direction, he may at a moment disregard them all and do the opposite.”
- ↑ The offering of only a pair of contrary alternatives that do not exhaust the possibilities. See Sylvan Barnet, Hugo Bedau (2010). Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument, 7th ed. Macmillan, p. 376. ISBN 0312601603.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sam Harris (2012). Free Will. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1451683405.
- ↑ The view of scientific determinism goes back to Laplace: "We ought to regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its antecedent state". However, the necessary underlying assumption of complete knowledge by an observer, including exact knowledge of the observer themselves, is an extreme idealization that renders any such claim unverifiable. See John T Roberts (2006). “Determinism”, Sahotra Sarkar, Jessica Pfeifer, Justin Garson, eds: The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia. N-Z, Indeks, Volume 1. Psychology Press, pp. 197 ff. ISBN 0415939275.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Mark Balaguer (2009). “Introduction”, Free Will As an Open Scientific Problem. MIT Press, pp. 1 ff. ISBN 0262013541.
- ↑ Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (1993). “Introduction by translator”, On Free Choice Of The Will, Translation by Thomas Williams of Augustine's work of AD 391-395. Hackett Publishing, p. 12. ISBN 0872201880.